Collect a basic set of information for each one of your references, and then format this information to match an accepted Bibliographic Style (ACM, APA or IEEE).
On this page you will find a list of the information that is needed, along with several examples.
ACM = Association of Computing Machinery - Author/Date Style
Sample citation [Phillips 2001] -- List References alphabetically, using the author's last name.
ACM = Association of Computing Machinery - Numerical Style
Sample citations [1], [8] -- List References numerically, in the order that you have cited them.
APA 7th edition = American Psychology Association
Sample citation (Raskin, 2002) -- List References alphabetically, using the author's last name.
IEEE = Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
Sample citations [1] or [8, 10] -- List References numerically, in the order that you have cited them.
Once you select a style, keep all of your references in the same style. The style used in these examples varies.
Webpage (html document, URL significant)
Author: Jakob Nielsen
Date: November 2020
Page title: 10 Usability Heuristics for User Interface Design
Website: NN/g Nielsen Norman Group
URL: https://www.nngroup.com/articles/ten-usability-heuristics/
Note: The IEEE style allows several options for URLs, DOIs, and accessed dates in online references. See page 20 of the Aug. 12, 2022 IEEE Reference Guide.
Example using ACM - Author/Date
Jakob Nielsen. 2020. 10 Usability Heuristics for User Interface Design. Retrieved August 13, 2021 from https://www.nngroup.com/articles/ten-usability-heuristics/
Example using ACM - Numerical
[1] Jakob Nielsen. 2020. 10 Usability Heuristics for User Interface Design. Retrieved August 13, 2021 from https://www.nngroup.com/articles/ten-usability-heuristics/
Nielsen, J. (2020). 10 usability heuristics for user interface design. NN/g Nielsen Norman Group. https://www.nngroup.com/articles/ten-usability-heuristics/
[1] J. Nielsen. "10 usability heuristics for user interface design." NN/g Nielsen Norman Group. Accessed: Aug. 13, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.nngroup.com/articles/ten-usability-heuristics
Author: Microsoft Corporation
Date: 2021
Page title: docs.microsoft.com
Website: docs.microsoft.com
URL: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-ca/
Note: The IEEE style allows several options for URLs, DOIs, and accessed dates in online references. See page 20 of the Aug. 12, 2022 IEEE Reference Guide.
Example using ACM - Author/Date
Microsoft. 2021. docs.microsoft.com. Retrieved from https://docs.microsoft.com/en-ca/
Example using ACM - Numerical
[2] Microsoft. 2021. docs.microsoft.com. Retrieved from https://docs.microsoft.com/en-ca/
Don't create references or in-text citations for whole websites.
[2] Microsoft. "docs.microsoft.com." docs.microsoft.com. Accessed: Aug. 16, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-ca/
Author: Molly Wood
Date: February 10, 2020
Title: We need to Talk about 'Cloud Neutrality'
Newsletter or magazine: Wired
URL: https://www.wired.com/story/we-need-to-talk-about-cloud-neutrality/
Note: The IEEE style allows several options for URLs, DOIs, and accessed dates in online references. See page 20 of the Aug. 12, 2022 IEEE Reference Guide.
Example using ACM - Author/Date
Molly Wood. 2020. We need to talk about cloud neutrality. Retrieved August 16, 2021 from https://www.wired.com/story/we-need-to-talk-about-cloud-neutrality/
Example using ACM - Numerical
[3] Molly Wood. 2020. We need to talk about cloud neutrality. Retrieved August 16, 2021 from https://www.wired.com/story/we-need-to-talk-about-cloud-neutrality/
Wood, M. (2020, February 10). We need to talk about cloud neutrality. Wired. https://www.wired.com/ story/we-need-to-talk-about-cloud-neutrality/
[3] M. Wood, "We need to talk about cloud neutrality," Wired, Feb. 10, 2020. Accessed Aug. 16, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.wired.com/story/we-need-to-talk-about-cloud-neutrality
Author: Brett A. Becker
Date: August 2021
Title: What does saying that 'programming is hard' really say, and about whom?
Journal: Communications of the ACM
Specifics: Volume 64, Issue 8, pages 27-29
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3469115
Note: Although accessed electronically, the URL is not significant.
Note: The IEEE style allows several options for URLs, DOIs, and accessed dates in online references. See page 20 of the Aug. 12, 2022 IEEE Reference Guide.
Example using ACM - Author/Date
Brett A. Becker. 2021. What does saying that 'programming is hard' really say, and about whom? Commun. ACM 64, 8 (Aug. 2021), 27–29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3469115
Example using ACM - Numerical
[4] Brett A. Becker. 2021. What does saying that 'programming is hard' really say, and about whom? Commun. ACM 64, 8 (Aug. 2021), 27–29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3469115
Becker, B. A. (2021). What does saying that 'programming is hard' really say, and about whom? Communications of the ACM, 64(8), 27-29. https://doi.org/10.1145/3469115
[4] B. A. Becker, "What does saying that 'programming is hard' really say, and about whom," Comm. ACM, vol. 64, no. 8, pp. 27-29, Aug. 2021, https://doi.org/10.1145/3469115
Author: Frank Dehne, David Robillard, Andrew Rau-Chaplin, Neil Burke
Date: 2016
Article title: VOLAP: A Scalable Distributed System for Real-Time OLAP with High Velocity Data
Conference: 2016 IEEE International Conference on Cluster Computing
Location and date of conference: 13-15 September 2016, Tapei, Taiwan [a bit of research had to be done to locate this info]
Specifics: pages 354-363
Note: Although accessed electronically, the URL is not significant.
Note: The IEEE style allows several options for URLs, DOIs, and accessed dates in online references. See page 20 of the Aug. 12, 2022 IEEE Reference Guide.
Example using ACM - Author/Date
Frank Dehne, David Robillard, Andrew Rau-Chaplin, and Neil Burke. 2016. VOLAP: a scalable distributed system for real-time OLAP with high velocity data. In 2016 IEEE International Conference on Cluster Computing, September 15 - 16, 2016, Tapei, Taiwan. IEEE, 354-363. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/CLUSTER.2016.29
Example using ACM - Numerical
[5] Frank Dehne, David Robillard, Andrew Rau-Chaplin, and Neil Burke. 2016. VOLAP: a scalable distributed system for real-time OLAP with high velocity data. In 2016 IEEE International Conference on Cluster Computing, September 15 - 16, 2016, Tapei, Taiwan. IEEE, 354-363. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/CLUSTER.2016.29
Dehne, F., Robillard, D., Rau-Chaplin, A., & Burke, N. (2016). VOLAP: A scalable distributed system for real-time OLAP with high velocity data. In 2016 IEEE International Conference on Cluster Computing (pp. 354-363). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/CLUSTER.2016.29
[5] F. Dehne, D. Robillard, A. Rau-Chaplin, and N. Burke, "VOLAP: A scalable distributed system for real-time OLAP with high velocity data," in 2016 IEEE Int. Conf. on Cluster Comput., 2016, pp. 354-363, https://doi.org/10.1109/CLUSTER.2016.29
Author: Woo-Chul Cho, Kyung Young Lee, Sung-Byung Yang
Date: March 2019
Article title: What makes you feel attached to smartwatches? The stimulus-organism-response (S-O-R) perspectives
Journal: Information Technology & People
Specifics: Volume 32, number 2, pp. 319-343
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ITP-05-2017-0152
Note: The DOI is a unique number used to identify a specific article.
Note: The IEEE style allows several options for URLs, DOIs, and accessed dates in online references. See page 20 of the Aug. 12, 2022 IEEE Reference Guide.
Example using ACM - Author/Date
Woo-Chul Cho, Kyung Young Lee, and Sung-Byung Yang. 2019. What makes you feel attached to smartwatches? The stimulus-organism-response (S-O-R) perspectives. Information Technology & People 32, 2 (March 2019), 319-343. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ITP-05-2017-0152
Example using ACM - Numerical
[6] Woo-Chul Cho, Kyung Young Lee, and Sung-Byung Yang. 2019. What makes you feel attached to smartwatches? The stimulus-organism-response (S-O-R) perspectives. Information Technology & People 2, 2 (March 2019), 319-343. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ITP-05-2017-0152
Cho, W-C., Lee, K.Y., & Yang, S-B. (2019). What makes you feel attached to smartwatches? The stimulus-organism-response (S-O-R) perspectives. Information Technology & People, 32(2), 319-343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ITP-05-2017-0152
[6] W-C. Cho, K. Y. Lee, and S-B. Yang, "What makes you feel attached to smartwatches? The stimulus -organism-response (S-O-R) perspectives," Inf. Technol. People, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 319-343, Mar. 2019, http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ITP-05-2017-0152
Author: Ronald R. Yager
Date: July 1977
Article title: Multiple objective decision-making using fuzzy sets
Journal: International journal of man-machine studies
Specifics: Volume 9, Number 4, 375-382
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7373(77)80008-4
Note: Articles published in the 1970's or earlier are often available in print format only.
Note: Journal names are often abbreviated. The abbreviation for the International Journal of Man-Machine Studies is Int. J. Man-Machine Studies. Although you will see abbreviations used in published journals and in some examples in this list, as a student, it is best to use the journal's full name in your list of references.
Note: Sometimes the name of a journal is changed to better reflect the area of interest. In 1994, the International Journal of Man-Machine Studies was renamed to the International Journal of Human-Computer Studies. Always use the name of the journal that matches the date of the article you are going to reference.
Note: Even in the case of a print source, it's good practice to include a DOI if you have one.
Example using ACM - Author/Date
Ronald R. Yager. 1977. Multiple objective decision-making using fuzzy sets. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies 9, 4 (July 1977), 375-382. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7373 (77)80008-4
Example using ACM - Numerical
[7] Ronald R. Yager. 1977. Multiple objective decision-making using fuzzy sets. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies 9, 4 (July 1977), 375-382. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/ S0020-7373(77)80008-4
Yager, R. R. (1977). Multiple objective decision-making using fuzzy sets. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 9(4), 375-382. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7373(77)80008-4
[7] R. R. Yager, "Multiple objective decision-making using fuzzy sets," International Journal of Man -Machine Studies, vol. 9, no. 4, pp.375-382, Jul. 1977, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7373(77) 80008-4
Author: Amir Khaleghi Moghaddam and Nur Zincir-Heywood
Date: 25 August 2020
Article title: Exploring data leakage in encrypted payload using supervised machine learning
Proceedings: ARES '20: Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security
Location and date of conference: Dublin, Ireland, August 25-28, 2020
Publisher of Proceedings: Association for Computing Machinery
Specifics: Article No. 74, pages 1-10
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3407023.3409216
Note: The IEEE style allows several options for URLs, DOIs, and accessed dates in online references. See page 20 of the Aug. 12, 2022 IEEE Reference Guide.
Example using ACM - Author/Date
Amir Khaleghi Moghaddam and Nur Zincir-Heywood. 2020. Exploring data leakage in encrypted payload using supervised machine learning. In ARES 2020: Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security, August 25 - 28, 2020, Dublin, Ireland. Association for Computing Machinery, Article 74, 10 pages. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3407023.3409216
Example using ACM - Numerical
[8] Amir Khaleghi Moghaddam and Nur Zincir-Heywood. 2020. Exploring data leakage in encrypted payload using supervised machine learning. In ARES 2020: Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security, August 25 - 28, 2020, Dublin, Ireland. Association for Computing Machinery, Article 74, 10 pages. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3407023.3409216
Moghaddam, A. K., & Zincir-Heywood, N. (2020). Exploring data leakage in encrypted payload using supervised machine learning. In ARES 2020: Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security (pp. 1-10). Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3407023.3409216
[8] A. K. Moghaddam and N. Zincir-Heywood, "Exploring data leakage in encrypted payload using supervised machine learning," in ARES 2020: Proc. 15th Int. Conf. Availability, Reliability Security, 2020, pp. 1-10, https://doi.org/10.1145/3407023.3409216
Author: Dijiang Huang, Huijun Wu
Date: 2018;
Title: Mobile cloud computing: foundations and service models
Place where published: Cambridge, MA
Publisher: Morgan Kaufmann
Example using ACM - Author/Date
Dijiang Huang and Huijun Wu. 2018. Mobile Cloud Computing: Foundations and Service Models. Morgan Kaufmann, Cambridge, MA.
Example using ACM - Numerical
[9] Dijiang Huang and Huijun Wu. 2018. Mobile Cloud Computing: Foundations and Service Models. Morgan Kaufmann, Cambridge, MA.
Huang, D., & Wu, H. (2018). Mobile cloud computing: Foundations and service models. Morgan Kaufmann.
[9] D. Huang and H. Wu, Mobile Cloud Computing: Foundations and Service Models, Cambridge, MA, USA: Morgan Kaufmann, 2018.
Chapter author: Jan Cejka, Fotis Liarokapis
Date: 2020
Title of Chapter: Tackling problems of marker-based augmented reality under water;
Title of Book: Visual computing for cultural heritage
Editor: Fotis Liarokapis, Athanasios Voulodimos, Nikolaos Doulamis, Anastasios Doulamis
Place Book Published: Cham, Switzerland
Publisher: Springer;
Pages: 205-224
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37191-3
Note: The abbreviation for an editor is Ed. (and for more than one editors it is Eds.)
Note: The IEEE style allows several options for URLs, DOIs, and accessed dates in online references. See page 20 of the Aug. 12, 2022 IEEE Reference Guide.
Example using ACM - Author/Date
Jan Cejka and Fotis Liarokapis. 2020. Tackling problems of marker-based augmented reality under water. In Visual Computing for Cultural Heritage, Fotis Liarokapis, Athanasios Voulodimos, Nikolaos Doulamis and Anastasios Doulamis (Eds.). Springer, Cham, Switzerland, 205-224. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/ 978-3-030-37191-3
Example using ACM - Numerical
[10] Jan Cejka and Fotis Liarokapis. 2020. Tackling problems of marker-based augmented reality under water. In Visual Computing for Cultural Heritage, Fotis Liarokapis, Athanasios Voulodimos, Nikolaos Doulamis, and Anastasios Doulamis (Eds.). Springer, Cham, Switzerland, 205-224. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37191-3
Cejka, J., & Liarokapis, F. (2020). Tackling problems of marker-based augmented reality under water. In F. Liarokapis, A. Voulodimos, N. Doulamis & A. Doulamis (Eds.), Visual computing for cultural heritage (pp. 205-224). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37191-3
[10] J. Cejka and F. Liarokapis, "Tackling problems of marker-based augmented reality under water," in Visual Computing for Cultural Heritage, F. Liarokapis, A. Voulodimos, N. Doulamis and A. Doulamis, Eds., Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2020, pp. 205-224, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37191-3
Designation: ANSI T1.602
Organization: American National Standards
Date: 1989
Title: Telecommunications -- Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) --
Data-Link Layer Signaling Specification for Application at the User-Network Interface
Example using ACM - Author/Date
American National Standards. 1989. Telecommunications -- Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) -- Data-Link Layer Signaling Specification for Application at the User-Network Interface. ANSI T1.602.
Example using ACM - Numerical
[11] American National Standards. 1989. Telecommunications -- Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) -- Data-Link Layer Signaling Specification for Application at the User-Network Interface. ANSI T1.602.
American National Standards. (1989). Telecommunications -- Integrated services digital network (ISDN) -- Data-link layer signaling specification for application at the user-network interface (ANSI T1.602).
[11] Telecommunications -- Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) -- Data-Link Layer Signaling Specification for Application at the User-Network Interface, ANSI T1.602, 1989.
Designation: ISO/TR 23455:2019
Organization: International Organization for Standardization
Date: 2019
Title: Blockchain and distributed ledger technologies -- Overview of and interactions between smart contracts in blockchain and distributed ledger technology systems
URL: https://www.iso.org/standard/75624.html
Note: The IEEE style allows several options for URLs, DOIs, and accessed dates in online references. In page 15-16 of the Aug 12, 2022 IEEE Reference Guide, the examples show that either the year of the standard or the access year must be provided.
Example using ACM - Author/Date
International Organization for Standardization. 2019. Blockchain and distributed ledger technologies -- Overview of and interactions between smart contracts in blockchain and distributed ledger technology system. ISO/TR 23455:2019. Retrieved from https://www.iso.org/standard/75624.html
Example using ACM - Numerical
[12] International Organization for Standardization. 2019. Blockchain and distributed ledger technologies -- Overview of and interactions between smart contracts in blockchain and distributed ledger technology system. ISO/TR 23455:2019. Retrieved from https://www.iso.org/standard/75624.html
International Organization for Standardization. (2019). Blockchain and distributed ledger technologies -- Overview of and interactions between smart contracts in blockchain and distributed ledger technology system (ISO/TR 23455:2019). Retrieved from https://www.iso.org/standard/75624.html
[12] Blockchain and Distributed Ledger Technologies -- Overview of and Interactions Between Smart Contracts in Blockchain and Distributed Ledger Technology Systems, ISO/TR 23455:2019, 2019. [Online] Available: http://www.ornl.gov/sgml/sc34/document/0029.htm
Author: Philip Trevor Cox and Tomasz Pietrzykowski
Date: 1984
Title: Advanced programming aids in PROGRAPH
Organization: Technical University of Nova Scotia
Technical Report Number: 8404
Place where published: Halifax, NS
Publisher: School of Computer Science, Technical University of Nova Scotia
Example using ACM - Author/Date
Philip Trevor Cox and Tomasz Pietrzykowski. 1984. Advanced programming aids in PROGRAPH. Technical Report No. 8404. School of Computer Science, Technical University of Nova Scotia, Halifax, NS.
Example using ACM - Numerical
[13] Philip Trevor Cox and Tomasz Pietrzykowski. 1984. Advanced programming aids in PROGRAPH. Technical Report No. 8404. School of Computer Science, Technical University of Nova Scotia, Halifax, NS
Cox, P. T., & Pietrzykowski, T. (1984). Advanced programming aids in PROGRAPH (Technical Report No. 8404). School of Computer Science, Technical University of Nova Scotia.
[13] P.T. Cox and T. Pietrzykowski, "Advanced programming aids in PROGRAPH," School of Computer Science, Technical University of Nova Scotia, Halifax, NS. Technical Report No. 8404, 1984.
Author: Lihi Idan and Joan Feigenbaum
Date: May 2021
Title: PRShare: A Framework for Privacy-Preserving Interorganizational Data Sharing
Organization: Computer Science
Organization's location: Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
Technical Report Number: YALEU/DCS/TR-1554
URL: https://cpsc.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/tr1554.pdf
Note: The IEEE style allows several options for URLs, DOIs, and accessed dates in online references. In page 15-16 of the Aug. 12, 2022 IEEE Reference Guide, the examples show that either the year of the report or the access year must be provided.
Example using ACM - Author/Date
Lihi Idan and Joan Feigenbaum. 2021. PRShare: A Framework for Privacy-Preserving Interorganizational Data Sharing. YALEU/DCS/TR-1554. Department of Computer Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT. Retrieved September 3, 2021 from https://cpsc.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/tr1554.pdf
Example using ACM - Numerical
[14] Lihi Idan and Joan Feigenbaum. 2021. PRShare: A Framework for Privacy-Preserving Interorganizational Data Sharing. YALEU/DCS/TR-1554. Department of Computer Science, Yale University New Haven, CT. Retrieved September 3, 2021 from https://cpsc.yale.edu/sites/default/files files/files/tr1554.pdf
Idan, L., & Feigenbaum, J. (2021). PRShare: A framework for privacy-preserving interorganizational data sharing (YAEU/DCS/TR-1554). Department of Computer Science, Yale University. https://cpsc.yale.edu/sites/ default/files/files/tr1554.pdf
[14] L. Idan and J. Feigenbaum, "PRShare: A framework for privacy-preserving interorganizational data sharing," Department of Computer Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA. YAEU/DCS/TR- 1554, May 2021. [Online]. Available: https://cpsc.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/tr1554.pdf
Author: Statistics Canada
Date: 2021-06-22
Table title: Intensity of use of Internet, video streaming services and video gaming services by gender, age group and highest certificate, diploma or degree completed
Specifics: Table 22-10-0136-01
URL: https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=2210013601
DOI: https://doi.org/10.25318/221001360185-eng
Note: The IEEE style allows the option to include both a URL and a DOI, but just using the DOI makes sense most of the time.
Note: Style guides don't tend to cover the full extent of possibilities for data reference. Adapt as best as you can from other types of document for your style, and include all the important elements.
Note: Statistics Canada prefers that the table number be included as part of the title in APA references. 'Cite me this way' suggestions from sources should be considered but can be ignored if they don't fit with the requirements of your style.
Example using ACM - Author/Date
Statistics Canada. 2021. Table 22-10-0136-01: Intensity of use of Internet, video streaming services and video gaming services by gender, age group and highest certificate, diploma or degree completed. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25318/221001360185-eng
Example using ACM - Numerical
[15] Statistics Canada. 2021. Table 22-10-0136-01: Intensity of use of Internet, video streaming services and video gaming services by gender, age group and highest certificate, diploma or degree completed. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25318/221001360185-eng
Statistics Canada. (2021). Table 22-10-0136-01 Intensity of use of internet, video streaming services and video gaming services by gender, age group and highest certificate, diploma or degree completed [Data table]. https://doi.org/10.25318/221001360185-eng
[15] Statistics Canada, Jun. 2021, "Table 22-10-0136-01 Intensity of Use of Internet, Video Streaming, Services and Video Gaming Services by Gender, Age Group and Highest Certificate, Diploma or Degree Completed," Statistics Canada, doi: https://doi.org/10.25318/221001360185-eng
